Breast Cancer Mammography
- Anayah Chowdhury
- Oct 22, 2023
- 4 min read
By Anayah Chowdhury & Natalia Rodriguez
General Information:
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer is a group of abnormal cells growing in an uncontrolled way, starting in the breast tissue. These cells are called a tumor. Over time these cells can invade other parts of the body, interrupting normal body function, and can lead to death. Nearly all cases of breast cancer occur in women, although men can get the disease as well.
What is a mammogram?
A mammogram is an X-ray used to screen for breast cancer and detect abnormalities in breast tissue. It involves compressing the breast to obtain clear images and is important for early detection, especially in women over 40.
Why is it important?
You would want a mammogram because it’s a crucial tool for early breast cancer detection, which can significantly improve survival rates. Regular screenings can reduce breast cancer mortality by about 65%. Catching abnormalities early increases the chances of successful treatment, making mammograms vital for women, especially those over 40 or with risk factors. Once people with breast cancer reach stage 4, the cancer has spread beyond the breasts, lowering the survival rate to a deathly percentage.
How does it work?
A mammogram uses low-energy X-rays to create images of breast tissue. During the procedure, the breast is placed between two plates that compress it to spread out the tissue for clearer imaging. This compression may cause some discomfort but is quick. The X-ray machine then takes images from different angles, which are reviewed by radiologists to identify any signs of abnormalities or cancer. The results are typically available within a few days, guiding further evaluation if needed. Mammograms normally take 15- 30 minutes.
Stages:
Stage 0: Non-invasive cancer with no spread to surrounding tissues.
Stage I: Invasive cancer with a tumor up to 2 cm, no lymph node involvement.
Stage II:
Stage IIA: Either no tumor in the breast but cancer in lymph nodes, or a tumor up to 5 cm with/without lymph node spread.
Stage IIB: Tumor between 2–5 cm with lymph node spread or larger than 5 cm without lymph node spread.
Stage III:
Stage IIIA: Tumor (or no tumor) with cancer spreading to lymph nodes near the breastbone or sticking to structures.
Stage IIIB: Tumor has spread to the chest wall or skin, may involve lymph nodes.
Stage IIIC: Cancer has spread to lymph nodes above/below the collarbone, chest wall, or skin.
Stage IV: Cancer has metastasized to distant organs (lungs, liver, bone, or brain).
Who is the most at risk?
Gender: Women are at a much higher risk than men, though men can also develop breast cancer.
Age: Risk increases significantly for women over 40.
Family History: Those with close relatives (mother, sister, daughter) who have had breast cancer are at greater risk, especially if diagnosed young.
Genetic Factors: Mutations in genes like BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer.
Personal History: Women with a previous breast cancer diagnosis or certain non-cancerous breast conditions are at higher risk.
Race and Ethnicity: White women generally have a higher incidence of breast cancer, but Black women are more likely to die from it. Certain ethnic groups, like Ashkenazi Jews, also have higher rates due to genetic factors.
Hormonal Factors: Early menstruation, late menopause, and hormone replacement therapy can increase risk.
Pregnancy: Women who have their first child after age 30 or who have never had children may have a slightly higher risk, although pregnancy can also offer some protective effects against breast cancer in younger women.
Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking can contribute to increased risk.
What can I do?
A breast self-exam for breast awareness is a check of your breasts that you do on your own. Here are the steps!
Step 1: Visual Check
Stand in front of a mirror. Raise your arms overhead, then place your hands on your hips. Observe your breasts from all angles, including the sides and under your breasts, for any changes in shape, size, or skin texture.
Step 2: Physical Check
Raise one arm behind your head. Using the pads of three fingers, gently examine your breast in a circular motion. Check for any lumps, thickening, or abnormalities.
Step 3: Thorough Examination
Move your fingers in small circles, applying light, medium, and firm pressure. Cover your entire breast area, from the top to the sides and underneath, without lifting your fingers.
Step 4: Armpit Check
Don't overlook the area extending into your armpit, where breast cancer often develops. Be thorough, paying extra attention to this region.
Step 5: Nipple Check
Gently squeeze each nipple. If you notice any discharge or experience pain, consult a doctor immediately.
Early detection saves lives—perform regular self-exams and contact your physician if you notice any changes.
References:
Support and resources are available through organizations like the American Cancer Society and Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Join the fight by raising awareness, contributing to research, and offering support to those affected.
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